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What Causes Cavities?

Dental caries, or cavities, are caused by a process where bacteria in the mouth feed on dietary sugars and produce acids as a byproduct. These acids weaken and erode the enamel, the hard outer layer of the tooth, through a process called demineralization. Enamel is composed of about 96% minerals and serves as the tooth’s primary defense. However, it’s vulnerable to ongoing acid exposure, which creates an acidic environment that breaks down enamel minerals. Frequent consumption of sugary foods and beverages fuels bacteria and prolongs acidic conditions in the mouth, heightening the risk of tooth decay. Sticky or sugary foods are particularly harmful, as they adhere to the teeth, extending bacterial access to sugars and thus acid production. Additionally, frequent snacking or sipping sugary drinks throughout the day keeps the mouth in a sustained acidic state, further weakening enamel. Saliva naturally neutralizes acids and helps restore lost minerals in the enamel, but excessive sugar can overwhelm this defense. Reduced saliva flow, due to dehydration, certain medications, or medical conditions, also increases cavity risk by limiting the mouth’s ability to clean and protect itself. To prevent cavities, limit sugar intake, practice good oral hygiene, and use fluoride to reinforce enamel’s mineral content, reducing acid-induced damage over time.